History Flat-Listed

- 3100 BCE - 1600 BCE: Stonehenge construction - 3000 BCE: Egyptian base-10 number system appears - 2700 BCE - 1500 BCE: Egyptian pyramids construction - 2000 BCE: Babylonian base-60 place-value number system appear - 1900 BCE - 1600 BCE: dates of many astronomical cuniform tablets - 1600 BCE: date of the Edwin Smith Papyrus, Egyptian surgical text - 1550 BCE: date of the Ebers papyrus, Egyptian herbal medicine text - 700 BCE: Hesiod, *Works and Days* and *Theogony* - 624 BCE - 546 BCE: Thales of Miletus active, "first scientist" -- searches for an "arche", or natural explanation for natural phenomena - 624 BCE - 428 BCE: Ionian philosophers active (Anaximander, Anaximenes, Heraclitus, etc.) -- propose different arche (water, apeiron, air, fire, bundle, etc.) - 570 BCE - 490 BCE: Pythagoras active - 559 BCE - 500 BCE: Persian expansion under Cyrus the Great - 546 BCE: Kingdom of Lydia (controls Ionian cities) falls to Persia - 515 BCE - 450 BCE: Parmenides active -- rejects Heraclitus, proposes a static universe - 509 BCE: Roman Republic founded after overthrow of Etruscan king - 500 BCE: defeat of the king of Rome, oligarchy senate (Roman Republic) established - 500 BCE - 428 BCE: Anaxagoras active -- proposes "nous" as the arche - 499 BCE - 493 BCE: Ionian Revolt against Persia, crushed - 492 BCE - 449 BCE: Persian Wars; Athens and Sparta defeat Persia - 484 BCE - 424 BCE: Empedocles active -- proposes four elements - 480 BCE - 420 BCE: Leucippus active -- proposes atomism - 480 BCE - 479 BCE: Second Persian invasion of Greece, Athens is burned, but Persians defeated at Salamis - 470 BCE - 399 BCE: Socrates active -- develops dialectic - 460 BCE - 370 BCE: Democritus active -- develops atomism - 460 BCE - 370 BCE: Hippocrates active -- develops medicine, humor theory - 431 BCE - 404 BCE: Peloponnesian War between Athens and Sparta over hegemony of Greece; results in Athenian defeat - 427 BCE - 347 BCE: Plato active -- develops idealism - 4th century BCE: rise of Asclepian healing temples - 384 BCE - 322 BCE: Aristotle active -- develops "empiricism" - 341 BCE - 270 BCE: Epicurus active -- develops atomism, hedonism - 338 BCE: Philip II of Macedon defeats Greece at Chaeronea - 325 BCE - 265 BCE: Euclid active -- develops geometry - 323 BCE: Alexander the Great dies - 322 BCE: Aristotle moves from Athens, thinking it is no longer safe, and dies - 300 BCE: Euclid publishes *Elements of Geometry* - 3rd century BCE: Archimedes writes *The Sand Reckoner* - 287 BCE - 212 BCE: Archimedes active -- develops mathematics, physics - 212 BCE: Rome conquers Syracuse - 212 BCE: Archimedes killed by Roman soldier in siege of Syracuse - 168 BCE: Roman conquest of Greece - 100 BCE - 44 BCE: Julius Caesar active -- conquers Gaul, civil war, dictator - 99 BCE - 55 BCE: Lucretius active, revives Epicureanism with political dimensions - 50s BCE: Lucretius writes *On the Nature of Things* - 47 BCE: Vitruvius writes *On Architecture* - 30 BCE: Rome conquers Egypt - 27 BCE: Roman Empire established - 1 BCE - 65: Seneca active -- develops Stoicism - 0: Jesus of Nazareth born - 23 - 79: Pliny the Elder active -- writes *Natural History*, "cut and paste" - 61 - 112: Pliny the Younger active -- writes letters, civil historian - 100 - 170: Claudius Ptolemy active -- develops astronomy - 129 - 216: Galen active -- develops medicine, anatomy - 150: Ptolemy publishes *Almagest* ("The Greatest") - 155 - 220: Tertullian active -- "What has Athens to teach Jerusalem?" - 313: Edict of Milan legalizes Christianity - 324: Constantinople founded on Byzantium - 330: Constantine moves capital of Roman Empire to Constantinople from Rome - 354 - 430: Augustine of Hippo active -- develops theology, philosophy - 370 - 415: Hypatia active -- develops mathematics, astronomy - 380: Theodosius I makes Christianity the state religion - 394 - 400: Augustine writes *Confessions*, reflection on scripture vs. classical philosophy, "handmaid" - 415: Hypatia killed by Christian mob (What does Hypatia stand for in scientific history?) - 476: Fall of the Western Roman Empire, Byzantine Empire continues - 476: "Middle Ages" / "Dark Ages" / "Medeilval Period" begins - 480 - 524: Boethius active, establishes the seven liberal arts - 480 - 547: Benedict of Nursia active, establishes monasticism - 490 - 585: Cassiodorus active, establishes monastic handbook - 570: Muhammad born, prophet of Islam - 636: Isidore of Selville dies, "last scholar of the ancient world" - 8th century: Islamic "Golden Age" begins - 735: "The Venerable Bede" dies, monasterial intellectual tradition - 790 - 850: Al-Khwarizmi active -- develops algebra, algorithm - 965 - 1040: Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen) active -- develops optics, scientific method - 980 - 1037: Ibn Sina (Avicenna) active -- develops medicine, philosophy - 1000: start of the "High Middle Ages" - 1058 - 1111: al-Ghazali active -- develops theology, philosophy - 1095: al-Ghazali writes "The Incoherence of the Philosophers. - 1096: evidence of teaching at Oxford - 1100 - 1156: Thierry of Chartres active -- develops metaphysics, theology, neo-Platonism - 1126 - 1198: Ibn Rushd (Averroes) active -- develops philosophy, science, theology - 1200 - 1280: Albertus Magnus active -- develops theology, philosophy, science - 1201 - 1274: al-Tusi active -- develops mathematics, astronomy, proposes the al-Tusi couple - 1210: Grosseteste becomes a "secular master" at Oxford, develops light metaphysics - 1214 - 1292: Roger Bacon active -- develops optics, scientific method - 13th century: "fall" of Islamic "Golden Age" - 1225 - 1274: Thomas Aquinas active -- develops theology, philosophy, science - 1240 - 1284: Siger of Brabant, proponent of Averroism, professor at Paris - 1259: Maragheh observatory established - 1270: Bishop condemns 13 propositions of Aristotle in Paris - 1277: Condemnations of 1277, rejection of Aristotelianism in Paris universities - 1287 - 1347: William of Ockham active -- develops nominalism, theology, philosophy - 1300: end of the "High Middle Ages", start of the "Late Middle Ages" - 1301 - 1358: Jean Buridan active -- develops physics, impetus theory (solution to projectile motion) - 1323: Aquinas becomes a saint, defends the Christianization of Aristotle - 1323 - 1382: Nicole Oresme active, develops physics (e.g. mean speed theorem) - 1347 - 1351: Black Death in Europe - 14th century: Oxford Calculators (Merton College, Oxford) take a mathematical rather than causal approach to physics - 1420: Ulugh Beg establishes Samarkand observatory, in modern Uzbekistan - 1473 - 1543: Nicolaus Copernicus active -- develops heliocentrism - 1493 - 1541: Paracelsus active -- develops medicine, alchemy, proposes "wandering around" as a method, likes Aristotle but opposes the institutionalization of his thought - 1499 - 1557: Niccolo Tartaglia active -- improves upon the Aristoteilan explanation for projectile motion, combination of violent and natural motion - 1500: start of the "Early Modern Period" - 1510: Copernicus writes *Commentariolus*, suggesting heliocentrism - 1517: Martin Luther nails 95 Theses to church door, beginning of Protestant Reformation, scorns Copernicus - 1535 - 1615: Giambattista della Porta active -- develops "natural magic" - 1543: *On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres* by Copernicus published - 1543: supposed start of the "Scientific Revolution" - 1545 - 1612: John Gerard active -- writes *Herball*, herbal medicine - 1556: Agricola writes *De Re Metallica*, mining and metallurgy - 1561 - 1626: Francis Bacon active -- develops empiricism, inductive reasoning, experimental method - Late 16th century: Elizabethan government grants patents for inventions - 1643 - 1727: Isaac Newton active -- develops calculus, physics, optics, gravity - 1660: Royal Society of London founded - 1965: Voting Rights Act passes - 1965: Indian-Pakistan War - 1965: Malcolm X assassinated - 1965: Rhodesia declares independence from UK - 1965: Civil War in Dominican Republic, US intervenes - 1965: Indonesia anti-communist purge begins, 500k killed - 1966: Chinese Cultural Revolution begins - 1966: Formation of the Black Panther Party - 1966: Botswana and Lesotho gain independence - 1966: South African border war begins - 1967: Six-Day War, Israel occupies West Bank, Gaza, Sinai, Golan Heights - 1967: Summer of Love in San Francisco - 1967: Che Guevara captured and executed - 1967: Loving v. Virginia, Supreme Court strikes down anti-miscegenation laws - 1967: Nigerian Civil War, >1 million killed mainly from famine - 1968: Fair Housing Act passed - 1968: Prague Spring and USSR invasion of Czechoslovakia - 1968: Mai Lai massacre in Vietnam - 1968: Tet Offensive and beginning of US withdrawal from Vietnam - 1968: Huge student protests in the US, France, Mexico, Germany, Italy - 1968: Martin Luther King Jr. assassinated - 1968: Robert F. Kennedy assassinated - 1968: Hellen Keller dies - 1968: John Steinbeck dies - 1968: Edith Piaf dies - 1968: Yuri Gagarin dies - 1968: Paris May riots against Charles de Gaulle, nearly topples government - 1968: Battle of Karameh between Palestinians and Israelis - 1968: Democratic National Convention riots in Chicago - 1968: Tlatelolco massacre against protesters in the Mexico City Olympic Games - 1968: Italy's Hot Autumn, massive strikes and protests - 1969: Apollo 11 mission, first moon landing - 1969: Muammar Gaddafi leads coup in Libya - 1969: Stonewall riots in New York City - 1969: The Troubles begin in Northern Ireland between Catholics and Protestants - 1969: China-USSR border conflicts - 1970: Incursion of Vietnam War into Cambodia - 1970: Overthrow of Cambodian government by Khmer Rouge, leading to genocide in 1975 - 1970: Dawson’s Field Hijackings in Jordan by PFLP - 1970: Kent State shootings - 1970: Death of Abdel Nasser, Sadat becomes president of Egypt - 1970: Black September in Jordan, PLO vs. Jordanian government - 1971: Nixon declares War on Drugs - 1971: Bangladesh War of Independence / Liberation War - 1972: Israeli athletes killed at the Munich Olympics by Black September - 1972: Watergate scandal - 1972: Nixon visits China - 1972: Intel Releases the 4004 Microprocessor - 1972: Bloody Sunday in Northern Ireland, British Army kills 13 unarmed protesters in Derry - 1973: Yom Kippur War, surprise attack by Egypt and Syria on Israel - 1973: Roe v. Wade, Supreme Court legalizes abortion - 1973: US ends draft for Vietnam War - 1973: Pinochet overthrows Allende with U.S. support, establishing military dictatorship in Chile