History Flat-Listed

Simply listing events and observing when they happen – no grouping, no hierarchies, just a big long flat list. The aim of this list is to forcefully mesh together many cognitively partitioned historical events, at the expense of contextualization. These items in this list, of course, reflect my own biases and interests (mainly the courses I’ve taken). Work in progress.

Topics I will be adding soon: Israel/Palestine; revolutions of America, France, India, and China; histories of small states (e.g. East Timor, Bhutan, Andorra, San Marino, Haiti, etc.); history of philosophy; recent Middle East conflict; US presidential history

3100 BCE - 1600 BCE: Stonehenge construction
3000 BCE: Egyptian base-10 number system appears
2700 BCE - 1500 BCE: Egyptian pyramids construction
2600 BCE - 2500 BCE: peak of Indus Valley civilization
2070 BCE: Xia Dynasty in China starts
2000 BCE: Babylonian base-60 place-value number system appear
1900 BCE - 1600 BCE: dates of many astronomical cuniform tablets
1792 BCE - 1750 BCE: Reign of Hammurabi, Babylonian king
1600 BCE: date of the Edwin Smith Papyrus, Egyptian surgical text
1600 BCE: Shang Dynasty in China starts
1550 BCE: date of the Ebers papyrus, Egyptian herbal medicine text
10th century BCE: Veneti people inhabit Venice area
1046 BCE - 256 BCE: Zhou Dynasty in China
800 BCE - 400 BCE: Development of Upanishads in India and key Hindu texts
770 BCE - 476 BCE: Spring and Autumn Period in China
753 BCE: Rome founded by Romulus and Remus, twin brothers of Mars
717 BCE: Numa Pompilius becomes second king of Rome, introduces the Roman lunar calendar
700 BCE: Hesiod, Works and Days and Theogony
624 BCE - 546 BCE: Thales of Miletus active, “first scientist” – searches for an “arche”, or natural explanation for natural phenomena
624 BCE - 428 BCE: Ionian philosophers active (Anaximander, Anaximenes, Heraclitus, etc.) – propose different arche (water, apeiron, air, fire, bundle, etc.)
570 BCE - 490 BCE: Pythagoras active
559 BCE - 500 BCE: Persian expansion under Cyrus the Great
546 BCE: Kingdom of Lydia (controls Ionian cities) falls to Persia
515 BCE - 450 BCE: Parmenides active – rejects Heraclitus, proposes a static universe
509 BCE: Roman Republic founded after overthrow of Etruscan king
500 BCE: defeat of the king of Rome, oligarchy senate (Roman Republic) established
500 BCE - 428 BCE: Anaxagoras active – proposes “nous” as the arche
499 BCE - 493 BCE: Ionian Revolt against Persia, crushed
494 BCE: First Secession of the Plebs in Rome, plebeians demand political representation
492 BCE - 449 BCE: Persian Wars; Athens and Sparta defeat Persia
484 BCE - 424 BCE: Empedocles active – proposes four elements
480 BCE - 420 BCE: Leucippus active – proposes atomism
480 BCE - 479 BCE: Second Persian invasion of Greece, Athens is burned, but Persians defeated at Salamis
475 BCE - 221 BCE: Warring States Period in China
470 BCE - 399 BCE: Socrates active – develops dialectic
460 BCE - 370 BCE: Democritus active – develops atomism
460 BCE - 370 BCE: Hippocrates active – develops medicine, humor theory
451 - 450 BCE: The Twelve Tables, Roman law code
431 BCE - 404 BCE: Peloponnesian War between Athens and Sparta over hegemony of Greece; results in Athenian defeat
427 BCE - 347 BCE: Plato active – develops idealism
4th century BCE: rise of Asclepian healing temples
384 BCE - 322 BCE: Aristotle active – develops “empiricism”
380 BCE: Plato writes The Republic
367 BCE: Lician-Sextian reforms, allowing plebeians to become consuls
343 BCE - 290 BCE: Latin and Samnite wars (central Italy)
341 BCE - 270 BCE: Epicurus active – develops atomism, hedonism
340 BCE: Aristotle writes the Nicomachean Ethics
338 BCE: Philip II of Macedon defeats Greece at Chaeronea
325 BCE - 265 BCE: Euclid active – develops geometry
323 BCE: Alexander the Great dies
322 BCE: Aristotle moves from Athens, thinking it is no longer safe, and dies
300 BCE: Euclid publishes Elements of Geometry
3rd century BCE: Archimedes writes The Sand Reckoner
287 BCE - 212 BCE: Archimedes active – develops mathematics, physics
287 BCE: Lex Hortensia, gives decisions of the plebeian council the force of law
264 BCE - 146 BCE: Punic Wars between Rome and Carthage
221 BCE: Qin Dynasty unifies China, starts the Great Wall
212 BCE: Rome conquers Syracuse
212 BCE: Archimedes killed by Roman soldier in siege of Syracuse
206 BCE: Han Dynasty in China starts
168 BCE: Roman conquest of Greece
133 BCE - 121 CE: Gracchi Reforms, Tiberius and Gaius attempt law reforms
107 BCE - 78 BCE: Marius and Sulla reform the army and politicla system
100 BCE - 44 BCE: Julius Caesar active – conquers Gaul, civil war, dictator
99 BCE - 55 BCE: Lucretius active, revives Epicureanism with political dimensions
59 BCE: Florence established by Romans as a colony for veteran soldiers
59 BCE - 44 BCE: Rise of Julius Caesar
58 - 50 BCE: Caesar conquers Gaul (modern France)
50s BCE: Lucretius writes On the Nature of Things
49 BCE: Caesar crosses the Rubicon, civil war begins
47 BCE: Vitruvius writes On Architecture
44 BCE: Julius Caesar assassinated
43 BCE: Second Triumvirate formed by Octavian, Antony, Lepidus
31 BCE: Battle of Actium, Octavian defeats Antony and Cleopatra
27 BCE: Roman Empire established, Augustus (Octavian) becomes first emperor
14 BCE: Tiberius becomes emperor of Roman Empire
1 BCE - 65: Seneca active – develops Stoicism
0: Jesus of Nazareth born
23 - 79: Pliny the Elder active – writes Natural History, “cut and paste”
37 - 41: Caligula becomes emperor of Roman Empire
41 - 54: Claudius becomes emperor of Roman Empire
43: Roman conquest of Britain
54: Claudius is poisoned by Agrippina the Younger to ensure Nero’s succession
54 - 68: Nero becomes emperor of Roman Empire
61 - 112: Pliny the Younger active – writes letters, civil historian
64: Great Fire of Rome
68: Nero overthrown, commits suicide and declared enemy of the state
68 - 69: Year of the Four Emporers, civil war between Galba, Otho, Vitellius, and Vespasian
69 - 79: Vespasian becomes emporer of the Roman Empire, begins construction of the Colosseum
70: Romans expel Jews from Judea, creating Jewish diaspora
79: Eruption of Mount Vesuvius
80: Fire in Rome
81 - 96: Domitian becomes emporer of Roman Empire
98 - 117: Trajan becomes emporer of Roman Empire, expands Empire to its greatest territorial extent
100 - 170: Claudius Ptolemy active – develops astronomy
117: Hadrian becomes emporer of Roman Empire
129 - 216: Galen active – develops medicine, anatomy
150: Ptolemy publishes Almagest (“The Greatest”)
155 - 220: Tertullian active – “What has Athens to teach Jerusalem?”
161 - 180: Marcus Aurelius becomes emporer of Roman Empire
170: Marcus Aurelius writes Meditations
200 - 280: Three Kingdoms Period between Wei, Shu, Wu
313: Edict of Milan legalizes Christianity
324: Constantinople founded on Byzantium
330: Constantine moves capital of Roman Empire to Constantinople from Rome
354 - 430: Augustine of Hippo active – develops theology, philosophy
370 - 415: Hypatia active – develops mathematics, astronomy
380: Theodosius I makes Christianity the state religion
394 - 400: Augustine writes Confessions, reflection on scripture vs. classical philosophy, “handmaid”
410: Visigoths sack Rome
415: Hypatia killed by Christian mob (What does Hypatia stand for in scientific history?)
420 - 589: Southern and North Dynasties in China
421: Dedication of first church on Rialto (Venice), San Giacomo
476: Fall of the Western Roman Empire when Odoacer deposes the last emporer Roulus Augustus, Byzantine Empire continues
476: “Middle Ages” / “Dark Ages” / “Medeilval Period” begins
480 - 524: Boethius active, establishes the seven liberal arts
480 - 547: Benedict of Nursia active, establishes monasticism
490 - 585: Cassiodorus active, establishes monastic handbook
537: Siege of Rome by Ostrogoths during GOTHIC WAR
570: Muhammad born, prophet of Islam
581 - 618: Sui Dynasty
590: Gregory I becomes pope
610: Muhammad receives first revelation
618 - 907: Tang Dynasty in China
636: Isidore of Selville dies, “last scholar of the ancient world”
697: First Doge of Venice, Paolo Lucio Anafesto, elected; Republic of Venice established
8th century: Islamic “Golden Age” begins
732: Battle of Tours, Charles Martel defeats Muslim forces
735: “The Venerable Bede” dies, monasterial intellectual tradition
774: Charlemagne conquers Florence
790 - 850: Al-Khwarizmi active – develops algebra, algorithm
800: Charlemagne crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Leo III, reviving the Roman Empire concept
907 - 960: Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period in China
960 - 12279: Song Dynasty in China
965 - 1040: Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen) active – develops optics, scientific method
980 - 1037: Ibn Sina (Avicenna) active – develops medicine, philosophy
1000: start of the “High Middle Ages”
1058 - 1111: al-Ghazali active – develops theology, philosophy
1084: Rome sacked by Robert Guiscard
1095: al-Ghazali writes “The Incoherence of the Philosophers.
1096: evidence of teaching at Oxford
1096 - 1291: First Crusade initiated by Pope Urban II to capture Jerusalem and the Holy Land from Muslim control
1100 - 1156: Thierry of Chartres active – develops metaphysics, theology, neo-Platonism
1115: Florentine Republic established
1126 - 1198: Ibn Rushd (Averroes) active – develops philosophy, science, theology
1147 - 1149: Second Crusade (failure in Anatolia and Syria)
1189 - 1192: Third Crusade (Richard the Lionheart vs. Saladin); failed to retake Jerusalem but secured Christian access
13th century: Venice becomes most properous city in Europe due to trading extensively with the Byzantine Empire and the Middle East
13th century: “fall” of Islamic “Golden Age”
1200 - 1280: Albertus Magnus active – develops theology, philosophy, science
1201 - 1274: al-Tusi active – develops mathematics, astronomy, proposes the al-Tusi couple
1202 - 1204: Fourth Crusade (sack of Constantinople), damaged Western vs. Eastern Christian relaions
1206 - 1368: Mongol Empire under Genghis Khan and successors; largest contiguous land empire
1210: Grosseteste becomes a “secular master” at Oxford, develops light metaphysics
1214 - 1292: Roger Bacon active – develops optics, scientific method
1217 - 1221: Fifth Crusade (failed to capture Egypt)
1225 - 1274: Thomas Aquinas active – develops theology, philosophy, science
1228 - 1229: Sixth Crusade (Frederick II captures Jerusalem peacefully via negotiation)
1240 - 1284: Siger of Brabant, proponent of Averroism, professor at Paris
1248 - 1254: Seventh Crusade (Louis IX of France captured in Egypt)
1259: Maragheh observatory established
1265 - 1274: Thomas Aquinas writes Summa Theologica
1270: Bishop condemns 13 propositions of Aristotle in Paris
1270: Eighth Crusade (Louis IX of France dies in Tunisia of disease)
1271 - 1272: Ninth Crusade (Edward I of England fails to capture Acre)
1271 - 1368: Yuan Dynasty in China
1277: Condemnations of 1277, rejection of Aristotelianism in Paris universities
1287 - 1347: William of Ockham active – develops nominalism, theology, philosophy
1299: Ottoman Empire established in Anatolia
1300: end of the “High Middle Ages”, start of the “Late Middle Ages”
1301 - 1358: Jean Buridan active – develops physics, impetus theory (solution to projectile motion)
1323: Aquinas becomes a saint, defends the Christianization of Aristotle
1323 - 1382: Nicole Oresme active, develops physics (e.g. mean speed theorem)
1326: Ottomans capture Bursa, cutting off Byzantine Empire from Anatolia / Asia Minor
1346 - 1351: Black Death in Europe
14th century: Oxford Calculators (Merton College, Oxford) take a mathematical rather than causal approach to physics
1368 - 1644: Ming Dynasty in China
1420: Ulugh Beg establishes Samarkand observatory, in modern Uzbekistan
1492: Christopher Columbus reaches the Americas
1453: Fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Empire to Sultan Mehmed II the Conquerer, end of the Byzantine Empire
1473 - 1543: Nicolaus Copernicus active – develops heliocentrism
1493 - 1541: Paracelsus active – develops medicine, alchemy, proposes “wandering around” as a method, likes Aristotle but opposes the institutionalization of his thought
1494 - 1559: Italian Wars, France and Spain vy for control of Italy
1498: Girolamo Savonarola executed in Florence for heresy – accuses the Pope of corruption, lambasts attachment to material riches
1499 - 1557: Niccolo Tartaglia active – improves upon the Aristoteilan explanation for projectile motion, combination of violent and natural motion
1500: start of the “Early Modern Period”
1501 - 1504: Michelangelo sculpts David in Florence
1506: Construction begins on St. Peter’s Basilica under Pope Julius II
1510: Copernicus writes Commentariolus, suggesting heliocentrism
1512: Michelangelo finishes painting the Sistine Chapel ceiling
1513: Niccolo Machiavelli writes The Prince
1517: Martin Luther nails 95 Theses to church door, beginning of Protestant Reformation, scorns Copernicus
1519 - 1521: Hernan Cortes conquers Aztec Empire
1526: Mughal Empire established in India
1527: Sack of Rome by Charles V
1531: Florence becomes a monarchy
1532: Niccolo Machiavelli writes The Prince
1535 - 1615: Giambattista della Porta active – develops “natural magic”
1543: On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres by Copernicus published
1543: supposed start of the “Scientific Revolution”
1545 - 1612: John Gerard active – writes Herball, herbal medicine
1545: Council of Trent begins, Catholic Counter-Reformation
1556: Agricola writes De Re Metallica, mining and metallurgy
1561 - 1626: Francis Bacon active – develops empiricism, inductive reasoning, experimental method
Late 16th century: Elizabethan government grants patents for inventions
1629 - 1631: Italian plague; kills 1/3 of Venice’s citizens
1641: Rene Descartes writes Meditations on First Philosophy
1642 - 1651: English Civil War, execution of Charles I and rule of Oliver Cromwell
1643 - 1727: Isaac Newton active – develops calculus, physics, optics, gravity
1664 - 1912: Qing Dynasty in China
1651: Thomas Hobbes writes Leviathan
1660: Royal Society of London founded
1677: Baruch Spinoza’s Ethics published
1687: Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica by Newton published
1713: Treaty of Utrecht transfers Italian territories to Austrian Hapsburgs
1762: Jean-Jacques Rousseau writes The Social Contract
1775 - 1783: American Revolutionary War
1781: Immanuel Kant writes Critique of Pure Reason
1789: French Revolution begins, Declaration of the Rights of Man
1791: Catherine the Great establishes the Pale of Settlement in Russia
1791: Enslaved Haitians revolt against French rule
1792 - 1797: War of the First Coalition (France vs. UK, Austria, Prussia, etc.)
1794: French National Convention abolishes slavery in all French territories
1796 - 1814: Napoleon invades Italy
1797: Republic of Venice loses independence to Napolean Bonparte
1798: Austrians take control of Venice by agreement
1798: French forces under Napoleon occupy Rome, briefly ending papal rule
1804: Haiti becomes independent from France; massacre of French colonists
1805: Venice taken back again from Austria by Napolean
1805 - 1814: Kingdom of Italy
1807: Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel writes Phenomenology of Spirit
1812: War of 1812 (US vs. UK)
1814: Venice returned to Austria following Napolean’s defeat
1815: Congress of Vienna reinforces fragmented Italian states
1818: Arthur Schopenhauer writes The World as Will and Representation
1825: France forces Haiti to pay crippling reparations for independence
1830: France invades and colonizes Algeria
1831 - 1861: Resurgence movement aims to unify Italy under a single state
1833: Abolition of slavery in British colonies
1839: beginning of Tanzimat reforms in the Ottoman Empire
1843: Soren Kierkegaard writes Fear and Trembling
1846 - 1848: Mexican-American War (US annexes Texas, California, etc.)
1848 - 1849: Revlutions across Italy push for unification and liberal reforms
1848: Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels write The Communist Manifesto
1856: Imperial Reform Decree in the Ottoman Empire
1857 - 1858: Indian Rebellion (Sepoy Mutiny) against British rule
1858: Ottoman land reform enabling private land sales
1859 - 1861: Kingdom of Sardinia begins unifying Italy; Lombardy annexed after Second Italian War of Independence (1859)
1861 - 1865: American Civil War
1865: Florence becomes the capital of Italy
1866: Third Italian War of Independence between Kingdom of Italy and Austrian Empire; Venetia annexed
1869: Ottoman citizenship law allows non-Muslims to become citizens
1870: Italy annexes Rome from the Papal States during the Franco-Prussian War, completing unification
1871: Rome is declared the capital of Italy
1871: Mokrani revolt in Algeria against French rule by Algerian Berbers an Arabs
1872: Jerusalem designated as an independent Ottoman district
1880s: porgroms in Russia lead to Jewish emigration to the US and Palestine
1882 - 1903: First Aliyah to Palestine from Eastern Europe and Yemen motivated by Zionism and persecution
1882: Italy joins the Triple Alliance with Germany and Austria-Hungary
1883: Friedrich Nietzsche writes Thus Spoke Zarathustra
1884 - 1885: The Scramble for Africa, Europeans divide Africa at Berlin Conference
1886: Friedrich Nietzsche writes Beyond Good and Evil
1890: Eritrea becomes an Italian colony
1896: Italy suffers a humiliating defeat in Ethiopia trying to colonize it
1898: Spanish-American War (US annexes Philippines, Guam, Puerto Rico)
1899: Philippine-American War
1900: Boxer Rebellion in China against foreign influence
1901: Australia becomes a federation within the British Empire
1904 - 1914: Second Aliyah to Palestine by Jews fleeing pogroms in Russia and Eastern Europe
1904 - 1905: Russo-Japanese War, Japan emerges as colonial power
1905: Partition of Bengal by British
1907: Peak of Second Boer War, British consolidate control over South Africa
1910: Bertrand Russell and Alfred North Whitehead write Principia Mathematica
1910: Japan annexes Korea
1911: Chinese Revolution overthrows Qing Dynasty
1914 - 1918: World War I
1915 - 1934: US occupation of Haiti
1915: Italy enters WWI on the Allies’ side, hoping to gain territory
1915 - 1916: McMahon-Hussein Correspondence, British promise of Arab independence
1916: Sykes-Picot Agreement, British and French carve up the Middle East
1916: Easter Rising in Ireland against British rule
1917: Russian Revolution; Bolsheviks take power and establish Soviet Union
1917: Balfour Declaration, British support for a Jewish homeland in Palestine
1917: British fofrces capture Palestine from the Ottomans
1919: League of Nations Convenant Article 22 establishes Mandate system
1919 - 1923: Third Aliyah to Palestine, supporte by Balfour Declaration
1919: Treaty of Versailles establishes League of Nations manates
1919: Amritsar Massacre in India, British kill hundreds of protesters
1920: Gandhi launches non-cooperation movement in India
1920: San Remo Resolution applies the mandate system to Palestine and incorporates the Balfour declaration
1920: Nabi Musa riots in Jerusalem, Haycraft commission investigates
1921: Attack on the Hadassah house in Hebron
1922: Palestine mandate document finalized
1922: Benito Mussolini and Fascist Party rise to power
1922: Irish Free State established under Anglo-Irish treaty, Northern Ireland remains part of UK
1923: Ottoman Sultanate abolished, Turkey becomes a republic
1923: Palestine mandate comes into effect
1924 - 1929: Fourth Aliyah to Palestine, middle-class Jews from Poland and Hungary
1927: Martin Heidegger writes Being and Time
1929: Wall Street Crash, beginning of the Great Depression
1929 - 1939: Fifth Aliyah, Jews escaping anti-Semitism in Europe and Nazis in Germany
1929: Western Wall / Al-Buraq riots; Shaw commission investigates
1929: Lateran Treaty establishes Vatican City
1930: Gandhi leads the Salt March
1931: Statute of Westminster grants autonomy to British dominions (Canada, Australia, South Africa)
1933: Hitler becomes Chancellor of Germany
1934 - 1948: Aliyah Bet, illegal Jewish immigration to Palestine
1935: Izz al-Din al-Qassam is killed by British forces, becomes a symbol of Palestinian resistance (even until today)
1935: Italian invasion of Ethiopia under Mussolini
1936: Arab Revolt against British rule and Zionist expansion
1937: Peel Commission investigates 1936 Arab Revolt and recommends partition
1937: Second Sino-Japanese War begins
1939: White Paper limits Jewish immigration into Palestine
1939: Italy signs Pact of Steel with Germany
1939 - 1945: World War II
1941: Amin al-Husseini, Grand Mufti of Jerusalem, meets with Adolf Hitler in Berlin
1942: Biltmore Conference in New York calls for a Jewish state in Palestine
1943: Mussolini deposed, Italy surreners to Allies
1943: Jean-Paul Sartre writes Being and Nothingness
1944: Assassination of Lord Moyne by the Stern Gang, extremist Zionist group
1944: Rome is liberated by Allied forces during WWII
1945: End of World War II, establishment of the United Nations, beginning of the Cold War
1945: Setif and Guelma Massacres, French forces kill thousands of protesting Algerians
1946: Italians vote in referendum to abolish monarchy, establishing Italian Republic
1946: Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry investigates Jewish-Arab conflict
1947: Exodus steamship carrying Jewish refugees is returned to Germany
1947: UN General Assembly Resolution 181 proposes partition of Palestine
1947: Partition of India, creation of Pakistan
1947: Theodor Adorno and Max Horkheimer write Dialectic of Enlightenment
1948: Deir Yassin massacre by Irgun and Lehi, Jewish paramilitary groups
1948: Apartheid established in South Africa
1948: Israel declares independence on May 14
1948: British Mandate ends; Arab-Israeli War begins May 15
1949: Indonesian independence recognized by Netherlands after armed struggle
1949: Simone de Beauvoir writes The Second Sex
1949: Armistic agreements signed, forming Green Line
1950 - 1953: Korean War
1950: Israel passes Absentee Property Law which allows confiscation of Palestinian property, and Preventing Infiltration Law which allows expulsion of Palestinians, denies right of return to Palestinians expelled during the 1948 war
1951: King Abdullah of Jordan is assassinated at Al-Aqsa Mosque for perceived collaboration with Israelis
1952: Mau Mau Urprising in Kenya against British rule
1952: Eritrea federated with Ethopia under UN resolution
1953: Qibya Massacre by Israeli forces
1954: First Indochina War ends, Vietnam divided at 17th parallel
1954 - 1962: Algerian War of Independence against France
1955 - 1975: Vietnam War
1956: Suez Crisis, Egypt nationalizes the Suez Canal – UK, France, and Israel invade Egypt, Israel temporarily occupies Sinai and Gaza
1956 - 1957: Israeli occupation of Gaza following the Suez Crisis
1958: Coup in Iraq overthrows King Faisal II
1960: Rome hosts the Summer Olympics
1961: Bay of Pigs invasion of Cuba by US
1961: Eritrean War of Independence begins
1962: Cuban Missile Crisis, peak of US-Soviet tensions
1962: Ethiopia annexes Eritrea
1962: Evian accords grant Algerian independence from France
1964 - 1973: US involvement in the Vietnam War
1964: Founding of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) in East Jerusalem (Jordan)
1965: Voting Rights Act passes
1965: Indian-Pakistan War
1965: Malcolm X assassinated
1965: Rhodesia declares independence from UK
1965: Civil War in Dominican Republic, US intervenes
1965: Indonesia anti-communist purge begins, 500k killed
1966: Chinese Cultural Revolution begins
1966: Formation of the Black Panther Party
1966: Botswana and Lesotho gain independence
1966: South African border war begins
1967: Six-Day War, Israel occupies West Bank, Gaza, Sinai, Golan Heights
1967: Jacques Derrida writes Of Grammatology
1967: UN Resolution 242 calls for “land for peace”
1967: Summer of Love in San Francisco
1967: Che Guevara captured and executed
1967: Loving v. Virginia, Supreme Court strikes down anti-miscegenation laws
1967: Nigerian Civil War, >1 million killed mainly from famine
1968: Fair Housing Act passed
1968: Prague Spring and USSR invasion of Czechoslovakia
1968: Mai Lai massacre in Vietnam
1968: Tet Offensive and beginning of US withdrawal from Vietnam
1968: Huge student protests in the US, France, Mexico, Germany, Italy
1968: Martin Luther King Jr. assassinated
1968: Robert F. Kennedy assassinated
1968: Hellen Keller dies
1968: John Steinbeck dies
1968: Edith Piaf dies
1968: Yuri Gagarin dies
1968: Paris May riots against Charles de Gaulle, nearly topples government
1968: Battle of Karameh between Palestinians and Israelis
1968: Democratic National Convention riots in Chicago
1968: Tlatelolco massacre against protesters in the Mexico City Olympic Games
1968: Italy’s Hot Autumn, massive strikes and protests
1969: Apollo 11 mission, first moon landing
1969: Muammar Gaddafi leads coup in Libya
1969: Stonewall riots in New York City
1969: The Troubles begin in Northern Ireland between Catholics and Protestants
1969: China-USSR border conflicts
1969: Woodstock music festival
1970: Incursion of Vietnam War into Cambodia
1970: Overthrow of Cambodian government by Khmer Rouge, leading to genocide in 1975
1970: Black September in Jordan, PLO is expelled from Jordan
1970: Dawson’s Field Hijackings in Jordan by PFLP
1970: Kent State shootings
1970: Death of Abdel Nasser, Sadat becomes president of Egypt
1970: Black September in Jordan, PLO vs. Jordanian government
1971: Nixon declares War on Drugs
1971: Bangladesh War of Independence / Liberation War
1972: Israeli athletes killed at the Munich Olympics by Black September
1972: Watergate scandal
1972: Nixon visits China
1972: Intel Releases the 4004 Microprocessor
1972: Bloody Sunday in Northern Ireland, British Army kills 13 unarmed protesters in Derry
1973: Yom Kippur War, surprise attack by Egypt and Syria on Israel
1973: Roe v. Wade, Supreme Court legalizes abortion
1973: US ends draft for Vietnam War
1973: Pinochet overthrows Allende with U.S. support, establishing military dictatorship in Chile
1975: Michel Foucault writes Discipline and Punish
1979: Camp David Accords, Israel withdraws from Sinai and establishes peace with Egypt
1980: Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari write A Thousand Plateaus
1980: Saul Kripke writes Naming and Necessity
1982: First Lebanon War; Israel invades Lebanont to expel PLO
1982: Sabra and Shatila Massacres under Israeli watch and support
1983: Invasion of Grenada by US
1987: First Intifada begins in Gaza and West Bank
1988: Hamas founded as offshoot of the Muslim Brotherhood
1989: Invasion of Panama by US
1990 - 1991: Gulf War
1991 - 2002: Algerian Civil War, over 150k killed
1991: The Eritrean Liberation Front defeats Ethiopia, Eritrea becomes independent
1993: Oslo I Accord signed, establishing mutual recognition
1993: Eritrea votes for independence in UN supervised referendum and becomes fully sovereign state
1994: Massacre at Al-Aqsa Mosque by Jewish extremist
1995: Oslo II Accord signed, establishing Palestinian Authority and limited self-rule
1995: Assassination of Yitzhak Rabin by Jewish extremist
1998 - 2000: Border dispute leads Eritrea to war with Ethopia
2000: Camp David talks collapse
2000: Second Intifada begins after Ariel Sharon visits Temple Mount
2001: 9/11 attacks
2001 - 2021: War in Afghanistan
2003 - 2011: Iraq War
2005: Israel withdraws settlers and military forces from Gaza
2006: Second Lebanon War begins
2008: Global financial crisis due to subprime mortgage crisis
2011: US intervention in Libya
2011: Arab Spring uprisings throughout the Middle East
2014: Third Gaza War becomes most deadly conflict in Gaza
2018: Great March of Return protests in Gaza
2018: Eritrea and Ethiopia sign peace agreement
2018: the “Nation State Law” / “Basic Law” is passed by Israel
2020: Israel establishes normalization agreements with Bahrain, UAE, Morocco
2021: Fourth Gaza War
2023: October 7th Massacre by Hamas in Israel
2023 - present: Hamas-Israeli war in Gaza
2024: Fall of the Syrian Assad regime